Cratylia argentea – review of a tropical shrub legume: Biology and agronomy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17138/tgft(12)49-72Abstract
A comprehensive review, based on about 170 references, synthesizing research and development about Cratylia argentea, is presented to contribute to expand interest in its diffusion and use in animal production systems. The species has been widely evaluated, mainly in tropical America, with the objective to develop a shrub legume as an alternative to the fertile soils requiring Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepìum. The review comprises: (1) an illustrated description of the species, its biogeography and information on germplasm collections and genetic diversity; (2) synthesis and discussion of results from agronomic research, reproductive biology and seed production; (3) synthesis and discussion of results from research on nutritive value including secondary compounds, forage utilization and animal production. Particular strengths of the species are adaptation to the acid, low-fertility soils that prevail in the tropics, drought tolerance in subhumid climates with a pronounced dry season, and high nutritive value leading to increased animal production. Major shortcomings are slow establishment, labor demand in cut-and-carry systems and rapidly declining seed quality. A blend of two germplasm accessions was released as a commercial forage legume cultivar in Costa Rica and Colombia. Technology adoption issues are discussed and suggestions for future research presented.
Author Biography
Rainer Schultze-Kraft, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
Professor Rainer Schultze-Kraft is an agronomist who specialized in tropical pastures and forages from 1970 on. During 1973-1976 he conducted the research for his PhD project at CIAT, Colombia, and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany, and worked from 1976 until 1991 in the then CIAT Tropical Pastures Program. In 1991 he was appointed Professor for Pastures and Forages in the Tropics and Subtropics at the University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, where he worked until retirement in 2007. At CIAT, Rainer established the Center’s collection of tropical forage germplasm adapted to acid, low-fertility soils, mainly legumes and mainly via collecting expeditions that he conducted, in collaboration with national partner institutions, in tropical America, Africa and Southeast Asia. Besides his plant introduction work, he was involved in agronomic evaluation of forage germplasm as well as activities within RIEPT, the International Tropical Pasture Evaluation Network. At the University of Hohenheim, besides postgraduate-teaching he led a number of research projects in the area of tropical forages and biodiversity, mainly via MSc and PhD students, in tropical America, Africa and Southeast Asia. Rainer is (co)author of >250 scientific publications. In 1997 he received the award of a Fellow of the Tropical Grassland Society of Australia. Since his retirement from the University of Hohenheim he has been an advisor to the CIAT Tropical Forages Program, after 2009 as a CIAT Emeritus Scientist.
References
Andersson MS; Peters M; Schultze-Kraft R; Franco LH; Lascano CE. 2006. Phenological, agronomic and forage quality diversity among germplasm accessions of the tropical legume shrub Cratylia argentea. The Journal of Agricultural Science 144(3):237–248. doi: 10.1017/
S0021859606006034
Andersson MS; Schultze-Kraft R; Peters M; Duque MC; Gallego G. 2007. Extent and structure of genetic diversity in a collection of the tropical multipurpose shrub legume Cratylia argentea (Desv.) O. Kuntze as revealed by RAPD markers. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 10(3):386–399. doi: 10.2225/vol10-issue3-fulltext-2
Aquino AMS; Mattar EPL; Farinatti LHE; Cruz LR da; Costa APO; Frade Júnior EF; Araújo EA de; Matrangolo WJR. 2020. Establishing Cratylia argentea in an Ultisol in the West of Acre, Southwestern Amazon, Brazil. Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 8(3):289–294. doi: 10.17138/tgft(8)289-294
Argel PJ. 1996. Evaluación agronómica de Cratylia argentea en México y Centroamérica. In: Pizarro EA; Coradin L, eds. Potencial del género Cratylia como leguminosa forrajera. Memorias del Taller de Trabajo sobre Cratylia, (Brasil 19–20 de julio de 1995). CIAT Documento de Trabajo no. 158. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA); Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Cerrado (CPAC), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología (CENARGEN), Cali, Colombia. p. 75–82. bit.ly/4aabojU
Argel PJ; Giraldo G; Peters M; Lascano CE; Plazas CH. 2003. Producción artesanal de semillas de Cratylia (Cratylia argentea) accesiones CIAT 18516 y 18668. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and Programa Nacional de Transferencia de Tecnología Agropecuaria·(PRONATTA). CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 8 p. bit.ly/3Uodxmh
Argel PJ; Hidalgo C; González J; Lobo M; Acuña V; Jiménez C. 2001. Cultivar Veraniega [Cratylia argentea (Desv.) O. Kuntze]: Una leguminosa arbustiva para la ganadería del trópico de América Latina. Consorcio Tropileche Costa Rica (CATIE, CIAT, ECAG, MAG, UCR). Boletín Técnico. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería de Costa Rica (MAG), San José, Costa Rica. 26 p. bit.ly/3JQw5Xe
Argel PJ; Lascano CE. 1998. Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze: Una nueva leguminosa arbustiva para suelos ácidos en zonas subhúmedas tropicales. Pasturas Tropicales 20(1):37–43. bit.ly/3WrVqyq
Barnes P. 1998. Fodder production of some shrubs and trees under two harvest intervals in subhumid southern Ghana. Agroforestry Systems 42(2):139–147. doi: 10.1023/A:1006194311124
Brasileiro BP; Mattar EPL; Frade Júnior EF; Matrangolo WJR. 2018. Prospecting of Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze in the states of Maranhão and Goiás. Proceedings of the VI Congresso Latino Americano de Agroecologia, Brasília, Brazil, 12–15 September 2017. Cadernos de Agroecologia 13(1). 7 p. (In Portuguese). bit.ly/3JKcyrx
Bystricky M; Schultze-Kraft R; Peters M. 2010. Studies on the pollination biology of the tropical forage legume shrub Cratylia argentea. Tropical Grasslands 44:246–252. bit.ly/3WqQtG5
Calazans GM; Oliveira CA de; Cruz JC; Matrangolo WJR; Marriel IE. 2016. Selection of efficient rhizobial symbionts for Cratylia argentea in the cerrado biome. Ciência Rural 46(9):1594–1600. doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20151137
Castillo-Gallegos E; Estrada Flores JG; Valles de la Mora B; Castelán-Ortega OA; Ocaña-Zavaleta E; Jarillo-Rodríguez J. 2013. Total dry matter yield and nutritive quality of leaves and young stems of four Cratylia argentea accessions in the humid tropics of Veracruz, Mexico. Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria 17(1):79–93. (In Spanish). bit.ly/3y4nfmf
CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical). 1990. Agronomía-RIEPT Trópico Húmedo. In: Informe Anual 1990, Programa de Pastos Tropicales. Documento de Trabajo no. 89. CIAT, Cali, Colombia. p. 10-1–10-14. bit.ly/4aqUCND
CIF (Centro de Investigación en Forrajes). 2009. Establecimiento, producción y utilización de Cratylia argentea para mejorar la productividad del ganado bovino lechero en fincas familiares del trópico de Cochabamba. Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia. 11 p. bit.ly/3JLw8Un
Cobo JG; Barrios E; Kass DCL; Thomas RJ. 2002. Decomposition and nutrient release by green manures in a tropical hillside agroecosystem. Plant and Soil 240(2):331–342. doi: 10.1023/A:1015720324392
Cook BG; Pengelly BC; Schultze-Kraft R; Taylor M; Burkart S; Cardoso Arango JA; González Guzmán JJ; Cox K; Jones C; Peters M. 2020. Tropical Forages: An interactive selection tool. 2nd and Revised Edn. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya. tropicalforages.info/cratylia_argentea
Corpoica (Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria). 2002. Programa de Investigación Pecuario. Informe de Progreso 2001. Corpoica Regional No. 8. Villavicencio, Colombia. 69 p. hdl.handle.net/20.500.12324/12382
Corpoica (Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria). 2017. Materiales forrajeros y estrategias de utilización y manejo para mejorar la productividad de los sistemas de producción de carne y leche en la Orinoquia. Proyecto IDF68 – Informe final de meta. Corpoica, Villavicencio, Colombia. 50 p.
Costa NMS; Ferreira MB; Curado TFC. 1978. Leguminosas nativas do Estado de Minas Gerais: Coletas e avaliacões preliminares de alguns gêneros. Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 63 p.
Costa TC e C da; Souza FA de; Netto DAM; Almeída LG de; Rocha H; Viana JHM; Matrangolo WJR; Ferreira IH; Araújo NG. 2018. Establishment of arboreal-shrub species in the iron ore reject of Fundão dam (in Mariana-Minas Gerais, Brazil), treated with limestone, fertilizers and microorganisms. Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento 170. Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil. 43 p. (In Portuguese). bit.ly/351sKBA
Crespo M; Rodríguez AA; Valencia E; Randel PF. 2011. Características agronómicas y composición química de tres leguminosas arbustivas: Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze, Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn. y Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 95(1–2):99–104. doi: 10.46429/jaupr.v95i1-2.2552
Dicta (Dirección de Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria); Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). 2002. Cratylia argentea: Leguminosa arbustiva adaptada a las zonas secas y sub-húmedas de Honduras. Brochure. Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 8 p. hdl.handle.net/10568/72140
Dieudonné KMM. 2020. Adaptation and participatory evaluation of shrub forage legumes in highlands of Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Open Access Library Journal 7(03):1–9. DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1106165
Enríquez Quiroz JF; Hernández Garay A; Pérez Pérez J; Quero Carrillo AR; Moreno Cossio JG. 2003. Population density and cutting frequency effect on Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze forage yield in southern Veracruz. Técnica Pecuaria en México 41(1):75–84. bit.ly/44q236o
Frías JL; Valerio D. 2013. Comportamiento de las arbustivas forrajeras Morus alba y Cratylia argentea bajo tres frecuencias de corte en el nordeste de la República Dominicana. Presentation at the VI Congreso Sociedad Dominicana de Investigadores Agropecuarios y Forestales (SODIAF), San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic, 24–26 October 2013. bit.ly/3K0R0Hv
Gabunada Jr FG; Stür WW. 1999. Agronomic evaluation of the Leucaena foundation collection: 2. Humid tropics in the Philippines. In: Shelton HM; Gutteridge RE; Mullen BF; Bray RA, eds. Leucaena: adaptation, quality and farming systems. Proceedings of a workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam, 9–14 February 1998. ACIAR Proceedings No. 86. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Canberra, ACT, Australia. p. 113–115. bit.ly/3QveLuP
Galdino AS; Lima JPMS; Panarari-Antunes RS; Prioli JA; Thiers PR; Silva GP da; Grangeiro TB. 2010. Molecular characterization of Cratylia argentea accessions and its phylogenetic relationship with other legumes. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 45(8):846–854. (In Portuguese). doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X2010000800010
Gama TCM; Volpe E; Lempp B. 2014. Biomass accumulation and chemical composition of Massai grass intercropped with forage legumes on an integrated crop-livestock-forest system. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 43(6):279–288. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982014000600001
Gama TCM; Zago VCP; Nicodemo MLF; Laura VA; Volpe E; Morais MG. 2009. Chemical composition, “in vitro” digestibility and production of woody forage legumes cultivated in sandy soils. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 10(3):560–572. (In Portuguese). bit.ly/3QpLRMr
Gomes SX; Matrangolo WJR; Moura JJS; Rodrigues BF; Gonçalves VAD. 2015. Estudos preliminares de Cratylia argentea (Fabaceae) em sistema de aleias para produção de fitomassa. In: Proceedings of the IV Simpósio de Pósgraduação em Agroecologia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil 25–26 November 2015. p. 21–24. bit.ly/4amM4r5
GRIN (Germplasm Resources Information Network). 2023. Species of Cratylia Mart. ex Benth. GRIN-Global Taxonomy. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA. bit.ly/3UIm2tL
Guevara E; Rodríguez I; Chirinos J; Navarro Díaz L. 2013. Establecimiento de bancos de proteína de Centrosema y Cratylia como fuente de proteína para la alimentación animal en sabanas bien drenadas. INIA Divulga 26:38–44. bit.ly/3xW1btV
Gutiérrez F. 2010. Cratylia argentea, nueva leguminosa forrajera arbustiva para los trópicos de Bolivia. Revista de Agricultura No. 47. Separata Técnica Coleccionable 02/2010. Cochabamba, Bolivia. 4 p. bit.ly/4dJGmlV
Hymowitz T. 1971. Collection and evaluation of tropical and subtropical Brazilian forage legumes. Tropical Agriculture 48(4):309–315. bit.ly/3QLGOpO
Ibazeta Valdivieso HE; Echeverria Trujillo RG; Ñique Mesía TE; Mendoza Arce G; Vásquez Ríos V; Grandes Flores A; Bardales Saavedra BP. 2018. Manejo de cuatro especies arbóreas forrajeras en la región San Martín. Instituto Nacional de Inovación Agraria (INIA), Estación Experimental Agraria El Porvenir, Tarapoto, San Martín, Perú. 32 p. hdl.handle.net/20.500.12955/856
Lascano C. 1996. Calidad nutritiva y utilización de Cratylia argentea. In: Pizarro EA; Coradin L, eds. Potencial del género Cratylia como leguminosa forrajera. Memorias del Taller de Trabajo sobre Cratylia, (Brasil 19–20 de julio de 1995). CIAT Documento de Trabajo no. 158. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA); Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Cerrado (CPAC), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología (CENARGEN), Cali, Colombia. p. 83–97. bit.ly/4aabojU
Lascano C; Rincón A; Plazas C; Ávila P; Bueno G; Argel PJ. 2002. Cultivar Veranera [Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze] - Leguminosa arbustiva de usos múltiples para zonas con períodos prolongados de sequía en Colombia. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Corpoica), Villavicencio, Colombia; Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia (CIAT). 28 p. hdl.handle.net/10568/53952
Li Zhiying; Long Kaiyi; Wang Zhuqing; Xu Li. 2007. Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Cratylia argentea Benth. Plant Physiology Letters 43(2):330. (In Chinese). bit.ly/3ypGiYo
Lobo M; Acuña V. 2004. Effect of regrowth age and cutting height on productivity of Cratylia argentea cv. Veraniega. In: Holmann F; Lascano C, eds. Feeding systems with forage legumes to intensify dairy production in Latin America and the Caribbean: A project executed by the Tropileche Consortium. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia; System-wide Livestock Programme (SLP), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya. p. 54–58. hdl.handle.net/10568/830
López-Herrera M; Briceño-Arguedas E. 2016. Effect of cutting frequency and rain fall on organic Cratylia argentea performance. Nutrición Animal Tropical 10(1):24–44. (In Spanish). doi: 10.15517/nat.v10i1.24703
Lugo-Soto M; Vibert E; Betancourt M; González I; Orozco A. 2009. Effect of the height and age-cut in the production of dry matter and gross protein of Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze under the piedemonte barinés conditions, in Venezuela. Zootecnia Tropical 27(4):457–464. (In Spanish). bit.ly/4dDuG4n
Luz GA; Gomes SO; Araujo Neto RB; Nascimento MSCB; Lima PSC. 2015. Molecular characterization of accessions of Cratylia argentea (Camaratuba) using ISSR markers. Genetics and Molecular Research 14(4):15242–15248. doi: 10.4238/2015.November.25.12
Maass BL. 1996. Evaluación agronómica de Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze en Colombia. In: Pizarro EA; Coradin L, eds. Potencial del género Cratylia como leguminosa forrajera. Memorias del Taller de Trabajo sobre Cratylia, (Brasil 19–20 de julio de 1995). CIAT Documento de Trabajo no. 158. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA); Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Cerrado (CPAC), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología (CENARGEN), Cali, Colombia. p. 62–74. bit.ly/4aabojU
Marques TED; Baêta HE; Leite MGP; Martins SV; Kozovits AR. 2014. Growth of cerrado native species and of Vetiveria zizanioides in colluvium of gullies. Ciência Florestal 24(4):843–856. (In Portuguese). doi: 10.1590/1980-509820142404005
Matrangolo WJR; Brasileiro BP; Silva CJ da; Netto DAM; Mattar EPL; Frade Júnior EF; Silva IHF da; Silva IS da; Crivelaro JCB; Ribeiro JPO; Ferraz LCL; Costa LSC; Malta PCC; Cruz SCB da; Gomes SX; Gonçalves VAD. 2018a. Aspectos de Cratylia argentea na região central de Minas Gerais e potencialidades em sistemas agrobiodiversos. Comunicado Técnico 233, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil. 42 p. handle/doc/1100100
Matrangolo WJR; Moreira JAA; Avelar GM; Silva IS da. 2013. Cratylia argentea (Fabaceae): phytotechnical parameters and multifunctionality in the basin of Ribeirão Jequitibá, central area of Minas Gerais. In: Proceedings of the VIII Congresso Brasileiro de Agroecologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 25–28 November 2013. Cadernos de Agroecologia 8(2):1–5. (In Portuguese). handle/doc/973233
Matrangolo WJR; Ribeiro PEA; Cruz SCB da; Gonçalves VAD; Malta PCC; Silva IHF da; Gomes SX. 2016. Produção de base agroecológica de milho com duas leguminosas perenes em sistema de aleias. In: Proceedings of the XXXI Congresso Nacional de Milho e Sorgo, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil, 25–29 September 2016. 5 p. handle/doc/1055645
Matrangolo WJR; Silva IHF da; Almeida LG; Cruz SCB; Malta PCC; Gomes SX. 2018b. Ecological aspects of Cratylia argentea in the central region of minas gerais. In: Proceedings of the VI Congresso Latino Americano de Agroecologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil, 12–15 September 2017, Cadernos de Agroecologia 13(1) 7 p. (In Portuguese). handle/doc/1099001
Matrangolo WJR; Silva IFH da; Almeida LG de; Malta PCC; Cruz SCB da; Gomes SX. 2019. A leguminosa “Cratylia Argentea” e a construção de uma rede de pesquisa participativa. In: Andrade DF, ed. 2019. Agroecologia em Foco. Editora Poisson Vol. 3. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. p. 8–24. bit.ly/3Wqv6Vx
Mattar EPL. 2018. Propagation and conservation of multipurpose shrub species: Tithonia diversifolia and Cratylia argentea. Ph.D Thesis. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil. 64 p. (In Portuguese). bit.ly/3UAf4Wz
Mattar EPL; Barros TTV; Brasileiro BP; Mattielo EM; Coelho MRR; Gama GFV; Dias DCFS. 2018. Response of Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze to inoculation with Rhizobium sp. and Bradyrhizobium sp. strains. Australian Journal of Crop Science 12(6):849–854. doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.06.PNE524
Mattar EPL; Matrangolo WJR; Brasileiro BP; Frade Junior EF; Albuquerque TA de; Oliveira JR de; Paula-Souza J de; Dias DCFS. 2020. Terra Ronca State Park: A potential natural Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze conservation area in Goiás, Brazil. Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 8(3):280–288. doi: 10.17138/tgft(8)280-288
Medina Dávila LK. 2021. Momento óptimo de utilización de tres especies arbustivas en dos épocas del año en sistemas silvopastoriles de Pucallpa-Perú. Bachelor Thesis. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. 80 p. hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/19245
Mesén Villalobos M; Sánchez Ledezma W. 2008. Estudio de eventos fenológicos en Cratylia argentea (Desv.) O. Kuntze cultivar Veraniega. Alcances Tecnológicos 6(1):5–11. doi : 10.35486/at.v6i1.62
Miranda GA; Matrangolo WJR; Araújo SN; Moreira JAA; Pereira MPR; Silva IHS da. 2011. Cratylia argentea: Production of biomass and development systems alleys in the Central region of Minas Gerais. In: Proceedings of the VII Congresso Brasileiro de Agroecologia, Fortaleza, Brazil, 12–16 December 2011. Cadernos de Agroecologia 6(2):1–6. (In Portuguese). bit.ly/4dEacZb
Montoya Bárcenas DM; Bonilla Correa CR; Sánchez Orozco MS; Cardozo Conde CI; Escobar R. 2009. Physiological response of Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze seeds to storage and cryo-preservation conditions. Acta Agronómica 58(3):167–173. bit.ly/3whA7VO
Navarro Díaz L; Rodríguez T; Rodríguez I. 2002. Influence of Ca, N and Mg on production of Cratylia Argentea in well drained savannas at Eastern Plains of Venezuela. Revista Científica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad del Zulia 12(Suplemento 2):534–538. (In Spanish). bit.ly/4bxPf0e
Navarro Díaz L; Torres A; Sánchez N. 2004. Uso de la leguminosa forrajera cratylia en sistemas agropastoriles. INIA Divulga 3:41–43. bit.ly/4dwrh7g
Navas Panadero A; Daza Cárdenas JI; Montaña Barrera V. 2020. Performance of the Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze forage banks in degraded soils in the Casanare Province. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria 1(39):29–42. (In Spanish). doi: 10.19052/mv.vol1.iss39.3
Oliveira FL de; Pitard RM; Souto SM. 1998. Seleção de estirpes de rizóbio para leguminosas Arachis pintoi e Cratylia argentea. Documentos no. 53, Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil. 19 p. bit.ly/3URPxt9
Otero JR de. 1952. Informações sobre algumas plantas forrageiras. Série Didática No. 11. Serviço de Informação Agrícola, Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 313 p.
Pardo Barbosa Ó; Flórez Gómez DL; Cerinza Murcia ÓJ; Osorio Guerrero KV. 2021. Manual de producción de semilla sexual de Cratylia argentea cv. Veranera para los Llanos Orientales de Colombia. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Mosquera, Colombia. 62 p. doi: 10.21930/agrosavia.manual.7405040
Parra FA; Gómez-Carabalí A. 2000. Introducción y evaluación de especies herbáceas y arbustivas forrajeras en zonas de ladera de Cauca y Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Pasturas Tropicales 22(2):54–62. bit.ly/4afnx76
Parra Celis GA; Balanta Martínez VJ; Ortiz Meneses JF; Mora Calderón BS. 2021. Aspectos generales del aprovechamiento de la Cratylia argentea en sistemas de producción de bovinos y porcinos. Documento de Investigación. Primera Edición. Editorial Universidad de la Amazonía, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. 77 p. bit.ly/3y61Sks
Pasquier Flores F; Rojas Vallecillo M. 2006. Efecto de diferentes densidades de siembra y alturas de corte sobre la producción de biomasa y composición quimica de Cratylia argentea. Bachelor Thesis. Universidad Nacional Agraria, Managua, Nicaragua. 49 p. bit.ly/3yp8g6H
Perdomo P. 1991. Adaptación edáfica y valor nutritivo de 25 especies y accesiones de leguminosas arbóreas y arbustivas en dos suelos contrastantes. Tesis Zootecnista. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira, Colombia. 127 p.
Peters M; Franco LH; Schultze-Kraft R; Hincapié B; Ávila P; Ramírez G. 2009. 1.8 Field evaluation of a collection of the forage legumes Cratylia spp. and Dioclea spp. In: AGBIO4 Tropical Forages Program. Annual Report 2009. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. p. 40–45. bit.ly/4bqGKni
Pizarro EA; Carvalho MA; Ramos AKB. 1996. Introducción y evaluación de leguminosas forrajeras arbustivas en el Cerrado Brasileño. In: Pizarro EA; Coradin L, eds. Potencial del género Cratylia como leguminosa forrajera. Memorias del Taller de Trabajo sobre Cratylia, (Brasil 19–20 de julio de 1995). CIAT Documento de Trabajo no. 158. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA); Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Cerrado (CPAC), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología (CENARGEN), Cali, Colombia. p. 40–49. bit.ly/4aabojU
Pizarro EA; Coradin L, eds. 1996. Potencial del género Cratylia como leguminosa forrajera. Memorias del Taller de Trabajo sobre Cratylia, (Brasil 19–20 de julio de 1995). CIAT Documento de Trabajo no. 158. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA); Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Cerrado (CPAC), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología (CENARGEN), Cali, Colombia. 118p. bit.ly/4aabojU
Pizarro EA; Coradin L. 2016. Cratylia argentea. In: Vieira RF; Camillo J; Coradin L, eds. Espécies nativas da flora brasileira de valor econômico atual ou potencial: Plantas para o futuro–Região Centro-Oeste. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, Brazil. p. 517–530. (In Portuguese). bit.ly/2UMZUzo
Pizarro EA; Silva GP da; Schultze-Kraft R; Coradin L. 1997. Áreas de ocurrencia y recolección de germoplasma de Cratylia argentea en los estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais y Tocantins en Brasil. Pasturas Tropicales 19(1):10–15. bit.ly/3ykSqtw
Plazas CH; Lascano CE. 2005. Utilidad de Cratylia argentea en ganaderías de doble propósito del Piedemonte de los Llanos Orientales de Colombia. Pasturas Tropicales 27(2):65–72. bit.ly/4abbmZ3
Purcino AAC; Lynd JQ. 1984. Effect of soil fertility on regrowth vigor, nodulation and nodule physiology of Cratylia floribunda Benth. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 19(6):669–678. (In Portuguese). bit.ly/44CZeyL
Queiroz LP de. 1991. O gênero Cratylia Martius ex Bentham (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Phaseoleae): Revisão taxonômica e aspectos biológicos. M.Sc. Thesis. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. 128 p. doi: 10.47749/T/UNICAMP.1991.35269
Queiroz LP de. 2020. Cratylia in Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. bit.ly/3K3tklB
Queiroz LP de; Coradin L. 1996. Biogeografia de Cratylia e areas prioritárias para coleta. In: Pizarro EA; Coradin L, eds. Potencial del género Cratylia como leguminosa forrajera. Memorias del Taller de Trabajo sobre Cratylia, (Brasil 19–20 de julio de 1995). CIAT Documento de Trabajo no. 158. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA); Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Cerrado (CPAC), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología (CENARGEN), Cali, Colombia. p. 1–28. bit.ly/4aabojU
Queiroz LP de; Silva MM da; Ramos AKB; Pizarro EA. 1997. Estudos reproductivos em Cratylia argentea (Desv.) O. Kuntze e Cratylia mollis Mart. ex Benth. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Pasturas Tropicales 19(3):20–23. bit.ly/44C1kPB
RABAOC-AFRNET (Réseau de Recherche en Alimentation du Bétail en Afrique Occidentale et Centrale). 1995. Results 1990–1994, 5th annual meeting, Lomé, Togo, April 3–9, 1995. CIAT Working Document no. 145. National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS); Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD)/Élevage et Médecine Vétérinaire Tropicale (EMVT); Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), Cali, Colombia. 258 p. (In English) bit.ly/3Uzb3BC
Ramos AKB; Souza MA de; Pizarro EA. 2003. Informations about production and storage of Cratylia argentea seeds. Circular Técnica 25. Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF, Brazil. 4 p. (In Portuguese). handle/doc/563191
Reyes Sánchez N; Ledin S; Ledin I. 2007. Biomass production and nutritive composition of Cratylia argentea under different planting densities and harvest intervals. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 29(4):5–22. doi: 10.1300/J064v29n04_03
Rincón Castillo Á; Pardo Barbosa Ó; Parra Arango JL; Cerinza ÓJ; Pinzón SM; Correal WA; Rojas Barreto A. 2007. Establecimiento, manejo y uso de la leguminosa arbustiva forrajera Cratylia argentea cv. Veranera en el Piedemonte Llanero. Manual Técnico no. 13. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), C.I. La Libertad, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia. 24 p. hdl.handle.net/20.500.12324/13318
Rivera Hernández KL. 2012. Biología floral del ecotipo Yapacaní de Cratylia argentea (Fabaceae, Faboideae). Bachelor Thesis. Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 38 p. hdl.handle.net/10893/22586
Rocha GL da; Leitao Filho HF; Andrade JB de; Shepherd GJ; Semir J; Gouvêa LSK; Taroda N; Gibbs PE; Tamashiro J; Monteiro R; Alcântara PB; Bufarah G; Oliveira PRP de; Alcântara VBG; Almeida JE de; Salgado PR; Pulz FS; Sigrist JMM; Fonseca TC; Paulino VT. 1979. Coleta, identificação e distribuição de leguminosas forrageiras tropicais brasileiras ‒ Brasil Central ‒ Fase I. Boletim de Indústria Animal 36(2):255‒324.
Rodríguez I; González S; López V; Romero A. 1999. Una nueva leguminosa forrajera para la Mesa de Guanipa: Cratylia. Fonaiap Divulga 64:19–21. bit.ly/4dCv3fr
Rodríguez I; Guevara E. 2002. Dry matter production and nutritive value of the shrub legume Cratylia argentea in the south of Anzoategui State, Venezuela. Revista Científica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad del Zulia 12(Suplemento 2):589–594. (In Spanish). bit.ly/3UMtYZB
Rojas Reátegui CA. 2002. Adaptación y producción de gramíneas y leguminosas forrajeras en un ultisol de San Martin, Perú. Bachelor Thesis. Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Tarapoto, Peru. 87 p. hdl.handle.net/11458/1577
Rosero Alpala J; Ortiz Grisales S; Franco LH; Peters M; Ramírez G. 2010. Sowing systems of Cratylia argentea cultivar veranera in two localities of the valle del río Cauca, Colombia. Acta Agronómica 59(4):429–434. (In Spanish). bit.ly/4bneZMQ
Sanabria D; Silva-Acuña R; Oliveros M; Manrique U. 2004. Germination of arbustive forage leguminous seed of Cratylia argentea and Cassia moschata under different times of immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid. Bioagro 16(3):225–230. (In Spanish). bit.ly/4bqsiw7
Santana MO; Medina SM. 2005. Forage quality and production of dry matter of Cratylia argentea (desv.) O. Kuntze harvested at three different heights and re-growth intervals. Livestock Research for Rural Development 17(10):116. (In Spanish). bit.ly/4anZ7IH
Schultze-Kraft R; Beck S; Sauma G. 2006. Diversidad de Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze (Fabaceae, Faboideae) en Bolivia – Informe de un proyecto exploratorio. Unpublished report. University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. 5 p.
Shock CC; Mossocato AJM; Veasey AJ. 1979. Inventário de gramíneas e leguminosas forrageiras. Um banco de germoplasma servindo o Brasil desde 1962. Instituto de Pesquisas IRI, Matão, SP, Brazil. 129 p.
Sobrinho JM; Nunes MR. 1996. Estudos desenvolvidos pela Empresa Goiana de Pesquisa Agropecuária com Cratylia argentea. In: Pizarro EA; Coradin L, eds. Potencial del género Cratylia como leguminosa forrajera. Memorias del Taller de Trabajo sobre Cratylia, (Brasil 19–20 de julio de 1995). CIAT Documento de Trabajo no. 158. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA); Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Cerrado (CPAC), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología (CENARGEN), Cali, Colombia. p. 53–61. bit.ly/4aabojU
Sosa Rubio EE; Cabrera Torres E; Pérez Rodríguez D; Ortega Reyes L. 2008. Dry matter seasonal production in grasses and legumes in Quintana Roo, México. Técnica Pecuaria en México 46(4):413–426. bit.ly/3RbNyxN
Sousa FB de; Oliveira MC de. 1996. Avaliação agronômica do gênero Cratylia na região semi-árida do Brasil. In: Pizarro EA; Coradin L, eds. Potencial del género Cratylia como leguminosa forrajera. Memorias del Taller de Trabajo sobre Cratylia, (Brasil 19–20 de julio de 1995). CIAT Documento de Trabajo no. 158. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA); Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Cerrado (CPAC), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología (CENARGEN), Cali, Colombia. p. 50–52. bit.ly/4aabojU
Stür W; Phengsavanh P; Keonouchanh S; Phimphachanvongsod V; Phengvilaysouk A; Kopinski J. 2010. Final Report: Forage legumes for supplementing village pigs in Lao PDR. Project No. AH/2004/046. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Canberra, ACT, Australia. 74 p. bit.ly/42r970q
Suárez JC; Ramírez BL; Velásquez JE. 2008. Agronomic performance of five forage species under the cut and carry system on terrace and meson soils in the Colombian Amazon piedmont. Zootecnia Tropical 26(3):347–350. (In Spanish). bit.ly/3UJiIxh
Tiemann TT; Franco LH; Peters M; Frossard E; Kreuzer M; Lascano CE; Hess HD. 2009. Effect of season, soil type and fertilizer on the biomass production and chemical composition of five tropical shrub legumes with forage potential. Grass and Forage Science 64(3):255–265. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.2009.00691.x
Valles-de la Mora B; Castillo-Gallegos E; Jarillo-Rodríguez J; Ocaña-Zavaleta E; Alonso-Díaz MA. 2017. Development of tropical forages in Veracruz, Mexico: Agronomic approach for the new forage legume Cratylia argentea. In: Edvan RL; Bezerra LR, eds. New perspectives in forage crops. IntechOpen eBook. p. 51–67. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.69617
Valles-de la Mora B; Castillo-Gallegos E; Ocaña-Zavaleta E; Jarillo-Rodríguez J. 2014. Cratylia argentea: A potential fodder shrub in silvopastoral systems. Yield and quality of accessions according to regrowth ages and climatic seasons. Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 20(2):277–293. bit.ly/4dKMeLW
Vargas SM; Torres GA; Sobrinho FS; Pereira AV; Davide LC. 2007. Karyotypic studies of Cratylia argentea (Desv.) O. Kuntze and C. mollis Mart. ex Benth. (Fabaceae-Papilionoideae). Genetics and Molecular Research 6(3):707 712. bit.ly/3Vk0Yde
Vargas Zapata M; López Isaza JG; Restrepo Betancur LF; Ayala Lopera SA; Medina Sierra M. 2017. Plant growth evaluation of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. and Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze., in soils degraded by sand and gravel extraction. Acta Agronómica 66(4):580 587. doi: 10.15446/acag.v66n4.61203
Xavier DF; Carvalho MM. 1996. Avaliação agronômica da Cratylia argentea na zona da mata de Minas Gerais. In: Pizarro EA; Coradin L, eds. Potencial del género Cratylia como leguminosa forrajera. Memorias del Taller de Trabajo sobre Cratylia, (Brasil 19–20 de julio de 1995). CIAT Documento de Trabajo no. 158. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA); Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Cerrado (CPAC), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología (CENARGEN), Cali, Colombia. p. 29–39. bit.ly/4aabojU
Xavier DF; Carvalho MM; Botrel MA. 1990. Curva de crescimento e acumulação de proteína bruta da leguminosa Cratylia floribunda. Pasturas Tropicales 12(1):35‒38. bit.ly/3UJSZoB
Xavier DF; Carvalho MM; Botrel MA 1995. Cratylia argentea: Informações preliminares para sua utilização como forrageira. Circular Técnica 40. EMBRAPA-CNPGL, Coronel Pacheco, MG, Brazil. 18 p. bit.ly/4bnfy9q
Xavier DF; Carvalho MM; Botrel MA. 1996. Níveis críticos externos e internos de fósforo da Cratylia argentea em um solo ácido. Pasturas Tropicales 18(3):33–36. bit.ly/44Yp4xH
Xavier DF; Carvalho MM; Botrel MA. 1997. Resposta da Cratylia argentea à aplicação de fósforo e calcário em um solo ácido. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 26(1):14–18.
Xavier DF; Carvalho MM; Botrel MA. 1998. Efeito da calagem sobre o crescimento da Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze. Pasturas Tropicales 20(1):23–27. bit.ly/3K355Ee
Xavier DF; Pereira AV; Botrel MA; Lédo FJS. 2003. Cratília: nova opção forrageira para o período seco do ano. Comunicado Técnico no. 34. Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. 4 p. bit.ly/4dLFa1E
How to Cite
Downloads
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
